Socionics and other typologies
Perceptual actions are a structural unit of the human perception process, which includes, in addition to the actual mental component, a motor component. D. p. are associated with the conscious identification of one or another aspect of a sensory given situation, as well as with various kinds of transformations of sensory information, leading to the creation of an image adequate to the tasks of the activity and the objective world. Associated with the concept of perception is the idea of perception as an active process. Perception is not passive “photographing.” This is a kind of activity in which movement plays a big role.
The motor components of the perception process adjust the work of perceptual systems to the characteristics of the object (A.N. Leontyev, A.V. Zaporozhets). An example is the movement of the hand feeling an object, the movement of the eye tracing the contour of the perceived object, the movement of the muscles of the larynx when perceiving speech or melody. A study of the ontogenetic development of child development shows that at first they are included in the external practical actions of the child. As the activity becomes more complex and the demands it places on the objective reflection of the situation, the dynamic process itself is separated into an independent process aimed at creating an image of an object or situation. In the developed external motor nature of the dynamic process, the genetic connection of the dynamic process with practical actions is manifested. The development of D.P. is accompanied by a significant reduction in the motor components of D.P., as a result of which the process of perception takes the form of a one-time act of “discretion”.
These changes are determined by the development in the child of a whole system of perceptual units of perception and sensory standards that mediate perception and transform it from a process of image construction into a more elementary process of recognition. Having mastered systems of sensory standards throughout childhood, the child learns to use them as a kind of sensory standards to systematize the properties of the surrounding reality. A.G. Ruzskaya
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Perceptive activity. The problem of the development of perception in activity theory (A.N. Leontiev)
The process of perception formation is carried out in activity in relation to the reflected reality. Perception is always included in the context of the wider activity that it orients and regulates. Activity (practical, mental) makes demands on perception. These demands are called perceptual tasks. To perceive means to solve one or another perceptual problem, providing an adequate reflection of the situation. In order for a perceptual task to be solved, certain actions (perceptual actions) must be performed. Perception is a system of perceptual actions, the mastery of which requires special training and long practice. Perceptual actions are derived from practical actions. Perceptual actions
- the main structural units of the perception process, ensuring the construction of an object image. Perceptual actions that serve to construct a single perceptual image can be realized using various sets of perceptual operations.
Thus, the simplest sensorimotor acts (the child’s grasping of an object) include elements of perceptual orientation (assessing the distance of the object, the speed and direction of movement, the size and shape of objects). In the process of child development, the elements of perceptual orientation present in practical action are separated from it and transformed into independent perceptual actions specifically aimed at solving a perceptual problem.
An important factor in the formation of a perceptual image is the development of sensory standards in children . Touch reference
- a system of sensory qualities of objects that act as a sensory measure.
In the course of contacts with adults, the child gradually learns a general system for developing standards. Sensory standards are, for example, a scale of musical sounds, a lattice of phonemes of the native language, a system of geometric shapes, a system for estimating time. The result of a child’s individual activity is both the process of mastering perceptual actions and standards. But a special place in the formation of a perceptual image is occupied by the formation of operational units of perception. The operational unit of perception (Latin operatio – action) is the selection of individual objects in the perceptual field.
As a result of the development of activity, the content of operational units of perception changes. In particular, when studying the telegraph code - as an independent operational unit of perception - each individual dot or dash is first perceived, and then increasingly longer sequences (letters, words and even phrases). The transition to increasingly larger operational units of perception, based on semantic integration, generalization and recoding of information elements, gives an advantage in the speed of perception. The development of perception is associated with a change in the operational units of the perceptual image. Example: learning to read. First, the child identifies letters, sounds, then syllables, words, phrases, context. At the first stage of learning, the most elementary units take place (letters, then syllables, etc.).
Images of objects and even perceptual models of entire situations gradually become operational units. Thanks to this, the possibility of instantaneous, simultaneous perception arises. The basis of the perceptual image is made up of perceptual actions. As the perceptual image develops, the perceptual actions themselves change. This change is expressed in the transformation of random characteristics of groups into a holistic characteristic. Perceptual actions in an expanded external form occur only at the early stages of ontogenesis. Subsequently, they are reduced until they take the form of an instant act of discernment of the object (identification) as a whole. However, the task of forming a perceptual image can also arise in an adult when he is faced with a new reality. In this situation, the process of perception turns from simultaneous (single-stage) to successive (expanded) with the help of various perceptual actions.
Children aged 5 years do not have the operation of isolating information content and do not pay attention to the outline of figures. In adults, perception is recognition. In the developed process of perception there are special identification actions. With their help, content is isolated, by which the subject can compare the presented object with already formed operational units of perception. To identify an object means to categorize it. Identification is carried out quickly if a person of a certain profession has developed certain identification actions.
The development of perception leads to the creation of an entire alphabet of operational units of perception, i.e. a certain set of images or perceptual models of the environment.
The image of perception is the result of perceptual activity. Not a single sensory impulse can determine the emergence of an adequate image of perception. Here a correction is needed, aimed at inevitable errors and bringing the image into conformity with the object; an exteriorization of the reflective process is needed, which occurs in the form of perceptual actions. These actions are likened by their external form to the perceived object (A.N. Leontyev). For example, when you look at an object, your gaze seems to follow the shape of this object.
The movements of the hand and eye, with the help of which the image is constructed, are the most well studied. They are divided into two large classes:
§ Search, installation and corrective, with the help of which the search for a given object of perception is carried out, the installation of the eye or hand in the starting position, and the correction of this position.
§ Movements involved in constructing an image, recognizing a familiar object, etc. Among them are:
actual perceptual actions recognition actions
- detection action - identification action
-action of discrimination - action of recognition The theory of the formation of perceptual actions (Latin perteptio - perception) was developed by A.V. Zaporozhets (1905–1981) in 1941. It was shown that practical actions are the basis of any cognitive process, in particular, that perception and thinking are a system of folded “perceptual actions” in which assimilation occurs to the basic properties of an object and, due to this , the formation of a perceptual or mental image. Perceptual actions, which are implemented using various sets of perceptual operations, are considered here as the main structural units of the perception process, ensuring the construction of an object image. Perception itself is interpreted as the mastery of increasingly complex types of perceptual actions based on the comparison of the properties of perceived objects with systems of sensory standards that the child masters in childhood, which initially involves the mastery of external motor forms of examining objects based on material standards, then (after internalization) the actual perceptual ones are formed actions consisting of increasingly compressed movements of the perceiving organs, while material standards are replaced by standard representations.
Categorical perception is a characteristic of the perception process, which consists in the ability to isolate certain areas in the perceptual space that have more or less defined and stable boundaries. Moreover, the clarity of these boundaries is closely related to the perceptual tasks solved by the individual.
^ Apperception, the role of attitude in perception.
Apperception
— the influence of an individual’s previous experience and attitudes on the perception of objects in the surrounding world. Leibniz distinguished between the concepts of perception, as a vague presentation of some content to the soul, and apperception, as a clear, distinct and conscious vision of this content.
^ Selectivity of perception
(Latin selectio - selection) - a characteristic of the perception process, which consists in selectively highlighting any individual features in the sensory field. The more clearly perceived object to which perception is oriented is subjectively interpreted as a “figure,” and all other objects are perceived as its “background.” First of all, those signs of the sensory field are identified that have a relatively greater intensity and a qualitative difference from others. When an individual performs a particular task, signs are selectively perceived that to some extent correspond to the content of this task.
