Find out more about other diseases starting with the letter “C”: Compression of the brain; Senile chorea; Sensitive ataxia; Serous meningitis; "Rigid person" syndrome; Alien hand syndrome; Restless legs syndrome; Bogorad syndrome; West syndrome; Gaye-Wernicke syndrome; Guillain-Barre syndrome; Piriformis syndrome; Carpal tunnel syndrome; Carotid sinus syndrome; Kleine-Levin syndrome; Klippel-Feil syndrome; Cauda equina syndrome; Crumpy syndrome; Lambert-Eaton syndrome; Landau-Kleffner syndrome.
Description of Kleine-Levin syndrome
Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by changes in sleep and wake patterns. Due to the rarity of the disease, the mechanism of occurrence of attacks is under study. The main manifestation of the disease is an extremely long period of sleep (up to 18 hours), interrupted by short stages of wakefulness. When the patient wakes up, he feels very hungry. Behavior and mental manifestations undergo significant changes.
The first description of the pathology appeared at the end of the 18th century. The German specialist Kleine studied the abnormal condition in detail; his first works on this disease were published in 1825. Significant additions were made by the American doctor M. Lewin in the mid-20th century. The syndrome was named after these scientists. Another common name in clinical theory is the term "sleeping beauty syndrome." The incidence of pathology is up to 2 recorded cases per 1 million people. The syndrome is observed in adolescents, and males are more often affected.
Kolobok syndrome
Not described in the world classifier. We will talk here about the complex of an insecure but very hot-tempered person. Such people are afraid of the reaction of their interlocutors, they usually say something and immediately leave, it is important for them to say, but even more important is not to get hit on the head for it or simply not to hear the other person’s answer.
"Kolobok" Cartoon frame
Sometimes Kolobok syndrome can manifest itself in frequent changes of partners: you’ve been with one, got tired or disappointed, and ran to look for another. Koloboks are often among mother's boys. He first runs away from his mother to the girl and stays with her until she offends and offends him, and then he runs to his mother again, because she has already forgiven him. As soon as he finishes off his mother, he will run to his friend, and this can go on forever, as long as the other half can withstand his wanderings, and if he can’t stand it, then Kolobok is not very upset, he quickly begins to look for another. Sometimes they are even proud of their care and consider themselves independent. Such people cannot stand negativity; it hurts them very much when they feel bad. It is difficult for Kolobok to admit that he has done something wrong, so he will constantly be in search of a kind mother who will not scold him.
Factors in the development of the disease
The nature of the disease has not been fully determined. Most neurologists and psychiatrists tend to assume that the syndrome is based on an autoimmune etiology. The principle of the theory is that as a result of a cold, encephalitis develops, limited only to the hypothalamus zone. This section contains cells that produce elements (orexins) that affect drowsiness and wakefulness. Inhibition of orexins reduces the production of a substance that excites the cerebral cortex. The body goes into a sleep state.
During the period of age-related changes in the body, hormonal disruptions occur, which serve as a favorable basis for the development of pathology. The disease can also be triggered by traumatic brain injury, viral infection, generalized infection (sepsis), and long-term high body temperature. Cases of familial incidence are recorded, which suggests the genetic nature of the anomaly. So a number of experts believe that the syndrome is congenital, genetically determined. This disease develops under the influence of hormonal changes in adolescence, with the presence of provoking factors.
Signs of pathology
The main symptom of the disease is a long period of increased drowsiness, lasting from several days to two months. The sleep stage lasts 18-20 hours a day. A teenager wakes up only to correct the natural needs of the body. If a person is awakened by force, this is fraught with subsequent aggressiveness and an inadequate mental reaction of the patient. If the patient wakes up on his own, he does not feel a surge of strength from a long sleep. A few hours later the next fall asleep occurs. In the interval, the teenager is not able to control eating behavior, since severe hunger does not go away even with abundant food consumption.
Against the background of the underlying disease, bulimia develops, when the patient consumes everything edible that he can find. In this case, taste preferences are not observed, food compatibility is not taken into account. Mental abnormalities at this stage include:
- increased aggression towards others and the current situation;
- inappropriate sexuality;
- emotional disruptions;
- excitability of motor skills, movements;
- directed consciousness, narrowed to satisfy natural needs;
- hallucinations;
- signs of schizophrenic disorder.
From the physiological side, the following dysfunctions are determined:
- increased sweating;
- change in color of the limbs, fingers, nasolabial triangle towards cyanosis;
- darkening of under-eye circles.
After the end of the attack stage, the patient does not remember anything that happened during this period. He believes that he simply woke up the next day after falling asleep. The frequency of attacks is 2-3 periods per year. The patient completely drops out of life, loses the ability to learn, participate in public and social activities. Between the abnormal stages, the teenager is completely healthy, emotionally and physically feeling normal. The only physiological consequence is the gain of excess body weight, which is the result of experienced bulimia.
Pinocchio syndrome
This syndrome is also called gelotophobia - it is a kind of “woodiness”, stiffness in the movements of a person who is very afraid that they will laugh at him. You won’t find it in the classifier, but there is another definition - narcissistic disorder.
"Pinnochio". Cartoon frame
I would also note the fact that Pinocchio is a character who the entire book revolves around one problem: is he a real boy or not. How can he get the answer to this question? Only some significant person can give it, he cannot do it himself, i.e. in this case we are talking about orientation towards external assessment. A person cannot feel good and worthy until someone important recognizes this. With narcissistic personality disorder, you are completely dependent on the evaluation of others. There are girls who say: “I know that a short skirt doesn’t suit me, I have crooked legs, but it’s hot now, and I’ll wear it, I don’t care what they think of me.” A girl with narcissistic disorder will never do this; she is afraid of the negative assessment of others and her own condemnation.
Article on the topic
Narcissist: What to do if your partner is a “narcissistic peacock”?
It often seems to us that a narcissist is a person who admires himself and gets high on himself, but in fact this is far from the case! This person is in a prison of his own and other people’s assessments, he always depends on them, and the most unpleasant thing is that he will be praised, even if every day they say that he is good, he will not worry less.
What to do? With such a syndrome, you need to go to psychotherapy; there is no need to treat it with medication, but you won’t be able to get rid of it on your own.
Diagnostic methods
The diagnosis is made by a neurologist who relies on anamnesis. A characteristic feature of the patient’s physiology also helps to distinguish Klein-Levin syndrome from other pathologies (depression, narcolepsy, lethargic encephalitis, somnambulism): during attacks there is no uncontrolled urinary incontinence and oculomotor abnormalities. Neurological disorders are not recorded. But in order to differentiate the disease, instrumental diagnostic methods are used:
- EEG. Measuring the conduction of waves through neurons shows abnormal slowing of the rhythm. Sometimes bursts of an electronic nature are recorded in the area of the temples and crown of the head.
- Polysomnography. The entire sleep period is divided into “fast” and “slow” phases. In patients with the syndrome, shortened stages of the third and fourth phases are recorded. If the “fast” phases last less than ten minutes, this indicates a moderate severity of the disease. If the duration takes less than five minutes, it indicates a severe disorder.
- PET-CT of the brain. Diagnosis is carried out both in the intermediate period and during the attack. In a normal state, brain activity disorders are not detected. The picture changes in the stage of prolonged sleep. Metabolic processes are no longer recorded in the areas of the thalamus and hypothalamus. The data obtained by this method fully confirms the nature of the disease.
Hardware diagnostics using PET-CT allows one hundred percent confirmation of the diagnosis. Diagnostics are carried out only in specialized medical organizations that have the necessary equipment. The pages of the Mrt-v-msk portal contain a complete list of clinics providing consultations in this area. Users of the portal can not only choose the nearest diagnostic institution in any district of the city, but also compare centers by rating, prices for services, and read reviews of patients who have been examined.
To register for the procedure, you can use the contact phone number of the city registration service. The number is located at the top of the Mrt-v-msk page. Call center operators will answer questions regarding diagnostics and preparation for it, guide you to the nearest clinics, and book free time for a session. Consultation and registration are free of charge.
Symptoms of De Quervain's disease
Symptoms of De Quervain's disease are as follows:
- Pain and swelling in the area of the wrist joint (anatomical snuffbox and styloid process of the radius).
- Pain with de Quervain's disease occurs during extension and abduction of the thumb, as well as with direct pressure on the area of the anatomical snuffbox.
- You can hear a creak in the canal when you move your finger, due to the friction of the tendon against the walls of the narrowed and inflamed canal.
- Movement of the first finger is limited.
- Pain in the wrist joint.
Treatment options
A specific treatment method is under development. Since the syndrome belongs to rare categories, it is not possible to test and prove the effectiveness of specific drugs. Restorative measures are aimed at reducing symptomatic manifestations:
- Getting rid of constant drowsiness. The main goal of treatment is to reduce the time the patient spends sleeping. Psychostimulant pharmaceuticals are used in this area.
- Covering mental disorders. Aimed at getting rid of bulimia, aggression and changes in consciousness. The use of antidepressants, neuroleptic drugs and tranquilizers has shown inconsistency. A greater effect was achieved with the use of lithium drugs.
Forecast and preventive measures
The prognosis for full recovery is favorable. Over time, there is a gradual lengthening of the intervals between attacks. Periods of hypersomnia are shortened. The patient recovers independently. No residual neurological impairment is observed. The course of the disease can take from 10 to 14 years. The longest period in the clinical literature is 18 years.
Since the nature of Kleine-Levin syndrome has not yet been determined, specialists have not developed preventive recommendations. The disease is at the research stage.
Information sources:
- On the issue of the etiology, clinical picture and diagnosis of Kleine-Levin syndrome / Ulyanova O.V., Kutashov V.A.// Saratov Medical Scientific Journal. - 2021.
- Kleine-Levin syndrome. Modern data and description of three cases / Toropina G.G., Yakhno N.N.// Neurological Journal. – 2016.
- Kleine-Levin syndrome while taking recreational drugs / Semenova E.I., Tokareva Yu.V., Belova Yu.A., Kotov A.S., Eliseev Yu.V.// Russian Journal of Child Neurology. – 2015.
- Modern classification of hypersomnias, their diagnosis and treatment / Strygin K.N. // Effective pharmacotherapy. – 2015 – No. 53.
